Cited Article: Majumder M. Nanoscale hydrodynamics - Enhanced flow in carbon nanotubes
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Title:
Thermo-mechanical behavior of low-dimensional systems: The local bond average approach
Authors:
Sun, CQ
Author Full Names:
Sun, Chang Q.
Source:
PROGRESS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE 54 (2): 179-307 FEB 2009
Language:
English
Document Type:
Review
KeyWords Plus:
HALL-PETCH RELATIONSHIP; AMORPHOUS-CARBON FILMS; INDUCED SURFACE STRESS; STRAIN-GRADIENT PLASTICITY; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; SINGLE-WALLED NANOTUBES; NI-W ALLOYS; ELECTRODEPOSITED NANOCRYSTALLINE NI; ENHANCED TENSILE DUCTILITY; RECONSTRUCTED 110 SURFACES
Abstract:
With the miniaturization of a solid, effects of surface strain and quantum trapping become increasingly important in determining its properties. As a result, low-dimensional materials manifest unusual features, especially in their energetic and mechanical behavior. The establishment of a consistent understanding on an atomic-level of the mechanism behind the fascinating behaviors of low-dimensional systems, which include monatomic chains, hollow tubes, liquid and solid surface skins, nanocavities, nanowires, and nanograins, as well as interfaces, has long been a great challenge. In this report, a literature survey is presented, followed by a theoretical analysis culminating in the development of a local bond average (LBA) approach that may complement existing approximations in terms of continuum medium and quantum computations. The LBA approach correlates the measurable quantities of a specimen to the identities of its representative bonds, and the energetic responses of the!
se bonds (bond nature, order, length and strength) to external stimuli, such as changes in temperatures and coordination environments. It is shown that the shortened and strengthened bonds between under-coordinated atoms and the consequent local strain and quantum trapping dictate, intrinsically, the mechanical behavior of systems with a high proportion of such atoms. The thermally driven softening of a substance arises from bond expansion and lattice vibrations that weaken the bonds. The competition between the energy density gain and the residual atomic cohesive energy in the relaxed surface of skin depth determines, intrinsically, the mechanical performance of a mesoscopic specimen; the competition between the activation and inhibition of the motion of atomic dislocations dominates, extrinsically, the yield strength of the specimen during plastic deformation. Therefore, the mechanical behavior of a specimen depends on its shape, size, the nature of the bonds involved, su!
rface and interface conditions, and the temperature at which t!
he physi
cal properties of the specimen is measured. Excellent agreement with existent measurements of temperature dependence of surface tension, size and temperature dependence of elasticity and extensibility, and the inverse Hall-Petch relationship in nanograins have been established. Furthermore, these agreements have led to quantitative information regarding the bond identities in monatomic chains and carbon nanotubes, as well as the factors dominating the sizes at which a grain is strongest. in addition, the interface electric repulsion between nanocontacts due to the skin trapping and the associated local charge densification may provide feasible mechanism for the superfluidity, superlubricity and superhydrophobicity as widely observed. The progress made insofar evidences the essentiality of the LBA approach from the perspective of bond formation, dissociation, relaxation and vibration and the associated energetics for the exposition of thermo-mechanical behavior of low-dimensi!
onal materials. Extending the application of the approach to junction interfaces, liquid surfaces, defects and impurities, chemically adsorbed systems, amorphous states, and substances under other applied stimuli such as pressure and electric field would contribute to better knowledge of such systems and could lead to the development of even more fascinating and profitable materials. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Reprint Address:
Sun, CQ, Nanyang Technol Univ, Sch Elect & Elect Engn, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
Research Institution addresses:
[Sun, Chang Q.] Nanyang Technol Univ, Sch Elect & Elect Engn, Singapore 639798, Singapore; [Sun, Chang Q.] Xiangtan Univ, Minist Educ, Key Lab Low Dimens Mat & Applicat Technol, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, Peoples R China; [Sun, Chang Q.] Tianjin Univ, Tianjin Key Lab Low Dimens Mat Phys & Preparing T, Tianjin 300072, Peoples R China
E-mail Address:
ecqsun@ntu.edu.sg
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Times Cited:
2
Publisher:
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD; THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND
Subject Category:
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
ISSN:
0079-6425
DOI:
10.1016/j.pmatsci.2008.08.001
IDS Number:
405GI
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Title:
Rotational friction of single-wall carbon nanotubes in liquid suspension
Authors:
Zimmermann, FM; Shan, JW
Author Full Names:
Zimmermann, Frank M.; Shan, Jerry W.
Source:
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 94 (5): Art. No. 053107 FEB 2 2009
Language:
English
Document Type:
Article
Author Keywords:
carbon nanotubes; friction; hydrodynamics; polarimetry; suspensions
KeyWords Plus:
DISPERSION; TRANSPORT; FLUID; FLOW
Abstract:
The hydrodynamics of single-wall carbon nanotubes rotated in liquid suspension by an external electric field was experimentally investigated with laser polarimetry and compared with theoretical predictions. The measured rates of change of the nematic order parameter were largely consistent with theoretical predictions based on classical, no-slip hydrodynamics. This implies that, despite the nanotubes' diameter approaching the size of the solvent molecules and the reduced resistance previously reported for internal flow through carbon nanotubes, classical continuum hydrodynamics holds approximately for external flow about individual single-wall carbon nanotubes in liquids.
Reprint Address:
Shan, JW, Rutgers State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
Research Institution addresses:
[Shan, Jerry W.] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA; [Zimmermann, Frank M.] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA; [Zimmermann, Frank M.] Rutgers State Univ, Surface Modificat Lab, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
E-mail Address:
jshan@jove.rutgers.edu
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Cited Reference Count:
26
Times Cited:
0
Publisher:
AMER INST PHYSICS; CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA
Subject Category:
Physics, Applied
ISSN:
0003-6951
DOI:
10.1063/1.3033365
IDS Number:
404QB
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